Underwater Archaeology in Malta

This field school provides experience and training in underwater archaeology through participation in an ongoing research project – investigating the Late Roman Harbour at Marsaskala – along the South-Eastern coast of Malta.

The geography of the site and consideration of site formation processes inform our understanding of the archaeological deposit and how it relates to the surrounding region historically. Importantly, it positions the bay as a maritime access point to the immediately surrounding Roman settlement, the more significant settlement at Żejtun, and the sanctuary of Tas-Silġ. Marsaskala is one of three sea access points for these inland sites, together with St Thomas Bay and Marsaxlokk Bay. The increase in shipping during the Punic and Roman periods, along with advancements in shipbuilding and navigation, meant that larger ships carrying goods were travelling greater distances and more frequently than ever before. At the outset of a long journey, it would be difficult to predict the destination’s weather at the time of arrival. Having an easily recognizable landmark (Tas-Silġ) and three bays that guaranteed at least one option for safe anchorage in any wind condition played an important role in the region’s maritime importance in antiquity and to this day (Grima, R. & Mallia, J. 2011, p.244).

The site in Marsaskala is the subject of ongoing study and many research questions about the site persist. With growing pressure from coastal development, it is more important than ever that there are continued efforts to investigate and document the site. Most of the material recovered dates to the 6th century and, to a far lesser extent, from the 3rd to 5th centuries. It has been suggested that the relative abundance of LR1 and LR2 amphorae could point towards the presence of a shipwreck. Although no ship construction has yet been found, this remains a major question that future work at the site aims to address.

The most recent excavations carried out at the site (Oct. – Nov. 2025) located a piled rock feature that could potentially be a harbour structure or ballast pile, several glass artefacts, an oil lamp, a variety of ancient fishing weights, and largely intact LR1 and LR2 amphorae.

The site represents an interesting case where research gaps, development proposals, and natural climate-driven impacts are all important factors. This will work to better prepare students for work on a complex site that has been both formed and threatened by a range of anthropogenic and environmental factors. This field school is suitable for beginners in the field and aims to broaden knowledge, refine skills and propel students to further their career in Maritime and Underwater Archaeology.